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中级美国英语第四十一课 先听听看....
一.本课要点及示例
在这一课里, 我们学习用助动词 should 和 could 加上 have再加上动词的
过去分词作句子来表示跟过去事实相反的情况, 比方 "你昨天不应该开他
的车." You shouldn't have driven his car yesterday. 或是"我本来可以到
超级市场去." I could have gone to the supermarket. 我们还要学习用助动
词 might 或是 must 加上 have 和动词的过去分词来表示猜测过去发生的事
情, 比方 "他昨天可能说了." He might have said it yesterday. 或
是 "他昨天一定到过这儿了." He must have been here yesterday.
现在我们还是先听一段对话,内容是说玛丽和彼得到饭馆去吃饭, 结果彼得肚
子不舒服. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调.
M: Mary, I don't feel too well. I have a stomach ache.
F: Well, you shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.
M: I didn't have that much. Besides it might have been something
else that I ate.
F: What else did you eat?
M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my
stomach.
F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of
dressing did you have on your
salad?
M: Just oil and vinegar.
F: Then I don't think it was the salad. It must have been the
pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel
better soon.
M: Thanks, I think I'll lie down for a while.
现在老师再用慢速度把整段对话念一遍给你听.
M: Mary, I don't feel too well. I have a stomach ache.
F: Well, you shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.
M: I didn't have that much. Besides it might have been something
else that I ate.
F: What else did you eat?
M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my
stomach.
F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of
dressing did you have on your
salad?
M: Just oil and vinegar.
F: Then I don't think it was the salad. It must have been the
pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel
better soon.
M: Thanks, I think I'll lie down for a while.
现在我把对话里包含了今天要学的语法的句子挑出来,请英文老师再念一遍
给你听.
F: You shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.
M: It might have been something else that I ate.
M: Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.
F: It must have been the pizza.
二.SHOULDN'T HAVE
现在我们开始作练习首先我们练习 shouldn't have 加上动词过去分词的
用法.以前我们学过怎么用 shouldn't 劝人不应该作某件事情. 比方有个朋
友在公共汽车上抽烟,你看见了就告诉他: "你不应该在公共汽车上 抽烟." You
shouldn't smoke on a bus. 如果你的朋友告诉你, 他昨天在公共汽车上抽了
烟, 你认为他昨天不应该抽, 你就说: You shouldn't have smoked on
a bus.
现在我们作第一组练习,学学怎么表示不赞同别人过去作的事情. 在这组练习
里你还可以学到一些跟快速食品有关系的词汇, 比方 "牛肉饼店"a hamburger
joint, "乳酪牛肉饼" cheeseburger, "意大利馅饼店" a pizza
parlor 等等. 练习的作法是彼得说出一些过去时态句子, 比方: " 我去了一
家快餐店, 在那儿吃了一个烤牛肉三明治." I went to a fast
food restaurant. I had a roastbeef sandwich there. 请你用
shouldn't have 加上动词过去分词把句子改成 You shouldn't have
had a roastbeef sandwich there. 每作完一句, 老师就会把正确答案
念一遍给你听.
M: I went to a fast food restaurant, I had a roastbeef sandwich
there.
F: You shouldn't have had a roastbeef sandwich there.
M: I went to a hamburger joint. I ate a cheeseburger there.
F: You shouldn't have eaten a cheeseburger there.
M: I went to a pizza parlor. I ate 3 pieces of pizza there.
F: You shouldn't have eaten 3 pieces of pizza there.
M: I ate so much.
F: You shouldn't have eaten so much.
M: I had a big meal.
F: You shouldn't have had such a big meal.
下面我们用代换方式练习怎么劝别人在过去应该作某件事. 练习的内容都是
说到彼得告诉玛丽他在前一天晚上吃多了肚子疼之后,玛丽劝彼得的话,比方彼得
既然吃饱就不应该再吃, 应该小心的选择食物, 肚子疼就应该看大夫,吃药, 躺
下来休息等等. 练习的作法是玛丽说一句话, 然后老师会念出一个用过去分
词开头的词组, 请你跟玛丽一起把词组代换到原来的句子里.
F: You should have stopped eating when you were full.
M: eaten less
F: You should have eaten less.
M: been more careful about what you ate
F: You should have been more careful about what you ate.
M: chosen the right things to eat
F: You should have chosen the right things to eat.
M: had dinner at home
F: You should have had dinner at home.
M: gone to a doctor
F: You should have gone to a doctor.
M: taken some medicine
F: You should have taken some medicine.
M: lain down and rest
F: You should have lain down and rest.
三.MUST HAVE
下面一组练习是用 must have 加上动词过去分词来表示自己认为过去一定
发生的事情. 比方玛丽听说彼得前一天晚上吃那么多就下结论说:当时你一定觉
得很不舒服; 你肚子疼一定是吃太多, 太快了, 等等.
练习的作法是玛丽说一句话, 然后老师说出一个动词词组请你用动词过去
分词作代换练习. 每作完一个句子, 老师就会念出正确答案给你听.
F: You must have felt sick.
M: feel terrible
F: You must have felt terrible.
M: have an upset stomach
F: You must have had an upset stomach.
M: have too much food
F: You must have had too much food.
M: eat something bad
F: You must have eaten something bad.
M: eat too fast
F: You must have eaten too fast.
四.COULD HAVE BEEN
下面我们作一组练习, 学习用could have been 作句子来揣测过去发生的事
情.比方玛丽听说彼得吃坏了肚子, 就猜测可能是彼得前一天晚上在饭店吃的
东西不干净. 她问彼得许多问题, 彼得都一一的作肯定的答覆.在这组练习
里你可以学到美国快餐店常常有的食物和调味品, 比方 "炸薯条" french
fries, "牛奶冰淇淋混合饮料" milkshake 等等. 现在请你注意听玛丽问问
题, 并且跟彼得一起做肯定的答复.
F: Could it have been the pizza that you had?
M: It could have been the pizza that I had.
F: Could it have been the salad that you had?
M: It could have been the salad that I had.
F: Could it have been the salad dressing?
M: It could have been the salad dressing.
F: Could it have been the roastbeef sandwich that you ate?
M: It could have been the roastbeef sandwich that I ate.
F: Could it have been the cheeseburger that you ate?
M: It could have been the cheeseburger that I ate.
F: Could it have been the french fries?
M: It could have been the french fries.
F: Could it have been the milkshake that you drank?
M: It could have been the milkshake that I drank?
F: Could it have been the coffee that you drank?
M: It could have been the coffee that I drank.
五.SHOULD + 完成时态
在下面一组练习里, 玛丽用 should 加上完成时态向彼得提出建议, 比
方 "你当时应该慢慢吃." You should have eaten more leisurely. 彼
得就用 could 加上完成时态回答说: "我当时是可以慢慢吃,可是我没有." I
could have eaten more leisurely, but I didn't. 现在请你注意听玛丽的建
议, 并且跟彼得一起回答.
F: You should have gone to a more traditional restaurant.
M: I could have gone to a more traditional restaurant, but I
didn't.
F: You should have ordered better food.
M: I could have ordered better food, but I didn't.
F: You should have eaten more leisurely.
M: I could have eaten more leisurely, but I didn't.
F: You should have had dinner at home.
M: I could have had dinner at home, but I didn't.
F: You should have cooked something for yourself.
M: I could have cooked something for myself, but I didn't.
F: You should have made a better decision.
M: I could have made a better decision, but I didn't.
六.MIGHT + 完成时态
下面我们学习用 might 加上完成时态来揣测过去发生的事情.比方说彼得去
快餐店吃饭,排队排了半天一直没有服务员来招呼他; 好不容易来了服务员,彼得
叫了菜, 服务员拿来的却不是他要的.下面老师用 maybe 和过去时态作句子揣
测发生这种情况的原因, 比方彼得可能站错了队,服务员可能心不在焉,可能把
别人叫的菜给了彼得等等,请你改用might 和完成时态把原来的意思表达出来.
下面就是一个例子:
M:Maybe Peter stood in the wrong line.
F: Peter might have stood in the wrong line.
现在我们开始作练习. 每作完一句, 就请你听老师念正确答案.
M: Maybe Peter stood in the wrong line.
F: Peter might have stood in the wrong line.
M: Maybe the clerk was busy.
F: The clerk might have been busy.
M: Maybe the clerk was absent-minded.
F: The clerk might have been absent-minded.
M: Maybe the clerk misunderstood him.
F: The clerk might have misunderstood him.
M: Maybe the clerk gave him someone else's order.
F: The clerk might have given him someone else's order.
七.听短文回答问题
今天我们要听一篇介绍美国快餐店的文章. 这篇文章谈到快餐店的种类,特
色,跟受美国人欢迎的原因.
请你注意听. 等一会儿我们要根据文章内容问你几个问题.
The favorite food in the United States is the hamburger, a kind of
round sandwich of cooked
ground beef. The favorite place to buy a hamburger is a fast
food restaurant. At fast food
restaurants, people order their food, wait a few
minutes, and carry it to their tables
themselves. People also take their food out of the restaurant and
eat it in their cars or in their
homes. At some fast food restaurants, people can order their
food, pay for it and pick it up
without leaving their cars.
There are many kinds of fast food restaurants in the United
States. The most numerous sell
hamburgers, french fries and milkshakes, which are
traditionally popular foods among
Americans. In addition, fast food restaurants that serve Chinese
food, Mexican food, Italian
food, chicken, seafood and ice cream are very numerous.
The idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular that nearly every
kind of food can be found
in one. Fast food restaurants are popular because
they reflect American life style.
First, they are not formal restaurants. Customers wear any type of
dress when they go to a
fast food place.
Second, they are fast. People who are busy do not want to spend
time preparing their own
food or waiting while someone else prepares it. In fast food
restaurants the food is usually
ready before the customer even orders it.
Finally, most food in a fast food restaurant is not expensive.
Therefore, people can afford
to eat at a fast food restaurant often, while they may not be able
to afford a more traditional
and more expensive restaurant very often.
现在请你回答下面三个问题.每回答一个问题,老师就会念出正确答案给你
听.
第一个问题是:
M: What kinds of food can people get in fast food restaurants?
F: They can get hamburgers, french fries, milkshakes, pizza,
chicken, seafood, ice cream
and others.
第二个问题是:
M: Why do Americans go to fast food restaurants?
F: It is because fast food restaurants are fast, informal and
inexpensive.
第三个问题是:
M: Is the food cooked to order in a fast food restaurant?
F: No, it is not.
一.本课要点及示例
在这一课里, 我们要复习被动语态; 我们也要谈一谈美国的妇女运动, 学一
学有关妇女运动的词汇.
现在我们按照惯例先听今天这一课的对话, 内容是说亨利跟小女儿琳达谈起
了妇女就业的问题. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调.
F: Dad, did Grandma go to the university when she was young?
M: No, she wasn't encouraged to do that.
F: Why not?
M: Well, at that time it was considered improper for a woman to
have a higher education.
Grandma got married when she was eighteen and she spent all her
life taking care of her
husband and the kids.
F: You mean she never had a job?
M: No, women were told that they could not have a family and a
career at the same time.
F: Mother could. She has a family and she is also a teacher.
Isn't that a career?
M: Yes. Time has changed. Nowadays women are permitted to do
things that they were
not allowed to do before.
下面老师用慢速度再把整段对话念一遍给你听.
F: Dad, did Grandma go to the university when she was young?
M: No, she wasn't encouraged to do that.
F: Why not?
M: Well, at that time it was considered improper for a woman to
have a higher education.
Grandma got married when she was eighteen and she spent all her
life taking care of her
husband and the kids.
F: You mean she never had a job?
M: No, women were told that they could not have a family and a
career at the same time.
F: Mother could. She has a family and she is also a teacher.
Isn't that a career?
M: Yes. Time has changed. Nowadays women are permitted to do
things that they were
not allowed to do before.
现在我把对话里包含被动语态说法的句子挑出来, 请老师再念一遍给你听.
M: She wasn't encouraged to do that.
M: It was considered improper for a woman to have a higher
education.
M: Women were told that they could not have a family and a career
at the same time.
M: Women are permitted to do things that they were not allowed to
do before.
二.被动语态复习
第一组练习的内容是说妇女过去不准作的事情, 比方投票, 拥有土地, 追求
事业, 担任公职等等. 练习的作法是老师用 weren't permitted 作一个句
子, 接着老师念一个词组, 学生就把他听到的词组代换到原来的句子里.
在学生作练习的时候请你也一起作.
M: Women weren't permitted to vote.
M: own land
F: Women weren't permitted to own land.
M: get a higher education
F: Women weren't permitted to get a higher education.
M: pursue a career
F: Women weren't permitted to pursue a career.
M: practice most professions
F: Women weren't permitted to practice most professions.
M: hold public office
F: Women weren't permitted to hold public office.
M: hold important positions
F: Women weren't permitted to hold important positions.
下面一组练习是把主动语态跟被动语态作个比较. 练习的内容还是说到妇
女过去不准作的事情. 练习里的词汇都是我们刚才学过的. 练习的作法是
老师用 could not 作一个句子, 学生就用 weren't allowed 把句子改成 被动
语态说出来. 下面就是一个例子:
M:Women could not vote.
F: Women weren't allowed to vote.
现在我们开始作练习, 在学生作句子的时候请你也一起作.
M: Women could not vote.
F: Women weren't allowed to vote.
M: Women could not own land.
F: Women weren't allowed to own land.
M: Women could not get a higher education.
F: Women weren't allowed to get a higher education.
M: Women could not pursue a career.
F: Women weren't allowed to pursue a career.
M: Women could not practice most professions.
F: Women weren't allowed to practice most professions.
M: Women could not hold public office.
F: Women weren't allowed to hold public office.
M: Women could not hold important positions.
F: Women weren't allowed to hold important positions.
下面我们作一组综合练习, 复习不同时态的被动语态句子. 练习的作法
是老师提出一个问题, 比方 "过去女性受男性支配吗?" Were women
dominated by men? 或者 "妇女一直被禁止担任公职吗?" Have women
been prohibited from holding polic office? 接着老师提出一个表明时态
的词组, 你就把词组代换到原来的句子里. 首先我们给你举一个例子,请你注意
听.
M: Were women dominated by men?
M: have been
F: Have women been dominated by men?
M: are being
F: Are women being dominated by men?
M: should be
F: Should women be dominated by men?
现在我们开始作练习. 每作完一句, 老师就会念出正确答案给你听.
M: Have women been encouraged to pursue a career?
M: were
F: Were women encouraged to pursue a career?
M: are being
F: Are women being encouraged to pursue a career?
M: need to be
F: Do women need to be encouraged to pursue a career?
下面老师换了一个句子.
M: Have women been prohibited from holding public office?
M: are being
F: Are women being prohibited from holding public office?
M: should be
F: Should women be prohibited from holding public office?
M: can be
F: Can women be prohibited from holding public office?
下面老师又换了一个句子.
M: Was it considered improper for a woman to have a profession?
M: has been
F: Has it been considered improper for a woman to have a
profession?
M: is
F: Is it considered improper for a woman to have a profession?
M: should be
F: Should it be considered improper for a woman to have a
profession?
下面我们再作一组练习比较主动语态跟被动语态. 练习的作法是老师用主动
语态说出一个句子,比方"社会对妇女加以限制"The society placed
restrictions on women. 请你把句子改成被动语态, 并且用 by 指明动作执
行者, 所以答案就是: Restrictions were placed on women by the
society. 在这一组练习里你可以学习到美国妇女过去受到的限制跟他们多年
来争取到的权利; 你也可以练习许多跟妇女运动有关系的词汇, 比方 "保
证" guarantee, "女权运动者" feminists, "支持" support, "男女平等
权修正案" the equal rights amendment, "招收" admit 等等.
现在我们开始作练习. 每作完一句就请你听老师念正确答案.
M: The society placed restrictions on women.
F: Restrictions were placed on women by the society.
M: Men did not respect working women.
F: Working women were not respected by men.
M: The management paid female workers less.
F: Female workers were paid less by the management.
M: Female workers did not hold top positions.
F: Top positions were not held by female workers.
M: Some state laws guaranteed women the right to vote.
F: Women were guaranteed the right to vote by some state laws.
M: Feminists established colleges and universities for women.
F: Colleges and universities were established for women by
feminists.
M: These schools admitted female students.
F: Female students were admitted by these schools.
M: Feminists reduced some social restrictions.
F: Some social restrictions were reduced by feminists.
M: A lot of politicians supported the equal rights amendment.
F: The equal rights amendment was supported by a lot of
politicians.
M: Some states approved the equal rights amendment.
F: The equal rights amendment was approved by some states.
下面我们再作一组练习, 一方面复习被动语态, 一方面复习刚才学的一
些词汇. 练习的作法是老师用疑问词提出一个问题, 比方 What was
placed on women? 接着老师说: social restrictions, 学生就用老师提出
的词组来回答问题,所以答案就是: Social restrictions were placed on
women. 现在我们开始作练习. 在学生回答问题的时候请你也一起回答.
M: What was placed on women?
M: social restrictions
F: Social restrictions were placed on women.
M: Who was paid less?
M: female workers
F: Female workers were paid less.
M: Who was guaranteed the right to vote?
M: both men and women
F: Both men and women were guaranteed the right to vote.
M: What was established for women?
M: colleges and universities
F: Colleges and universities were established for women.
M: What was supported by a lot of politicians?
M: the equal rights amendment
F: The equal rights amendment was supported by a lot of
politicians.
M: What was approved by some states?
M: the equal rights amendment
F: The equal rights amendment was approved by some states.
三.听短文回答问题
今天我们要听一篇谈美国妇女运动的文章. 这篇文章里有许多被动语态句
子,文章里许多词汇也是我们刚才练习过的.
现在请你注意听.
America has been called a democracy since its independence more
than 200 years ago.
However, at that time, only men were permitted to vote.
Only men could own land and
practice most professions. Women could not get a higher education
or hold public office.
The woman's place was considered to be the home. Working women
were not common.
They usually had poor jobs and little respect.
Through the history of our country, many American women
have worked to reduce the
restrictions that society placed on them. They have met
opposition. Slowly, however, the
opportunities for women have increased. Colleges and
universities were established for
women. Later women were admitted to schools originally
established only for men.
In the early part of this century, American women were finally
allowed to vote. During and
since World War II American women have become a considerable
part of the American
work force.
Today, many women in America hold important positions or
are pursuing careers that
they could not pursue in the past. But many women
are dissatisfied with the current
situation. They point out that women are often paid less than men
for the same work they do.
The top positions in nearly all fields are still overwhelmingly
held by men. In many ways,
a woman's life is still dominated by her father or her husband.
Recently women worked to get an amendment to the U.S.
Constitution guaranteeing
their rights. The equal rights amendment, as it was
called, was supported by most
congressmen and most states. It did not get the support of
two-thirds of the states which
is necessary for a constitutional amendment.
Nevertheless, the role and the rights of
American women is an important concern in the U.S. today.
刚才那篇文章如果你没有全部听懂, 没有关系, 等一会儿你还有机会听. 现
在老师先把今天测验的三个问题念一遍给你听.
第一个问题是:
M: How were American women restricted by the society?
第二个问题是:
M: What are some of the things which women are dissatisfied with?
第三个问题是:
M: Are women's rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution?
现在老师再用慢速度把整篇文章念一遍. 请你注意听.
America has been called a democracy since its independence more
than 200 years ago.
However, at that time, only men were permitted to vote.
Only men could own land and
practice most professions. Women could not get a higher education
or hold public office.
The woman's place was considered to be the home. Working women
were not common.
They usually had poor jobs and little respect.
Through the history of our country, many American women
have worked to reduce the
restrictions that society placed on them. They have met
opposition. Slowly, however, the
opportunities for women have increased. Colleges and
universities were established for
women. Later women were admitted to schools originally
established only for men.
In the early part of this century, American women were finally
allowed to vote. During and
since World War II American women have become a considerable
part of the American
work force.
Today, many women in America hold important positions or
are pursuing careers that
they could not pursue in the past. But many women
are dissatisfied with the current
situation. They point out that women are often paid less than men
for the same work they do.
The top positions in nearly all fields are still overwhelmingly
held by men. In many ways,
a woman's life is still dominated by her father or her husband.
Recently women worked to get an amendment to the U.S.
Constitution guaranteeing
their rights. The equal rights amendment, as it was
called, was supported by most
congressmen and most states. It did not get the support of
two-thirds of the states which
is necessary for a constitutional amendment.
Nevertheless, the role and the rights of
American women is an important concern in the U.S. today.
现在请你回答你刚才听过的三个问题. 每回答一个问题, 老师就会念出
正确答案给你听.
第一个问题是:
M: How were American women restricted by the society?
F: They could not vote, could not own land, could not get a
higher education, practice most
professions or hold public office.
第二个问题是:
M: What are some of the things which women are dissatisfied with?
F: Some women are paid less, very few women hold top positions,
and some women are
dominated by men.
第三个问题是:
M: Are women's rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution?
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